Baulkham Hills High School: Cut-Off, Entry & How to Get In (2026)

Baulkham Hills High School: Complete Guide (2026)

If you're researching Baulkham Hills High School, you're looking at one of the most consistently high-performing selective schools in New South Wales. Known for its strong STEM programs and balanced co-educational environment, Baulkham Hills regularly places in the top 20 HSC schools statewide. This comprehensive guide covers everything you need to know about cut-off marks, acceptance rates, what makes Baulkham Hills stand out, and how to prepare your child for the selective entry test.

Quick Facts

Why Baulkham Hills is a Highly Competitive Selective School

Baulkham Hills High School sits firmly in the upper tier of NSW selective schools. While it doesn't carry the extreme cut-off of James Ruse (98), its combination of academic results, location, and co-educational structure makes it one of the most sought-after selective placements in western and north-western Sydney.

The Numbers Tell the Story

Cut-Off Score: With a 2025 cut-off in the 92-94/100 range, Baulkham Hills requires students to perform in the top 5-8% nationally. To put this in perspective:

• A score of 93 means getting roughly 46-47 out of 50 questions correct across the multiple-choice sections
• There is still very limited room for error—missing 5-6 questions across the entire test can push a student below the threshold
• This is 4-6 points lower than James Ruse but still significantly above the average selective school cut-off of 85-88

Acceptance Rate: Baulkham Hills receives approximately 1,400-1,800 applications annually for roughly 180-210 Year 7 places. This creates an acceptance rate of 10-15%, making it significantly more selective than most government schools but more accessible than the top 5 selective schools.

Consistency: Baulkham Hills has maintained a cut-off in the 91-94 range for the past seven years. This stability signals sustained demand, particularly from families in the Hills District, Parramatta, and north-western Sydney corridor.

Academic Track Record

Baulkham Hills consistently ranks in the top 15-20 schools in NSW for HSC results. This is not a one-off achievement—it reflects deep, structural academic quality:

• 2025: Multiple students achieved ATAR 99+, with the school median ATAR consistently above 90
• All-Rounder Awards: Regularly produces 15-25 HSC All-Rounders annually
• State Ranks: Typically earns 10-20 top 10 state rankings across subjects each year, with particular strength in Mathematics, Physics, Chemistry, and Economics

Parents should understand: Baulkham Hills offers an academically rigorous environment that punches well above its cut-off mark. Students who enter at 92-93 often achieve HSC results comparable to students at schools with higher entry thresholds, thanks to the school's teaching quality and academic culture.

Cut-Off Marks History (2019-2026)

Understanding historical trends helps set realistic target scores and identify whether the school is becoming more or less competitive over time.

For a broader comparison of how Baulkham Hills stacks up against other selective schools, see our complete cut-off marks guide.

What This Means for 2026 Applicants

Target Score: Aim for 94-95/100 minimum. While 92-93 has historically been sufficient, the upward trend in cut-offs (driven by population growth in the Hills District and increased awareness of the school's results) means banking on the historical minimum is risky.

Trend Analysis: The gradual increase from 91 to 93-94 over six years suggests:

• The Hills District population boom is increasing the local applicant pool
• Baulkham Hills' rising HSC rankings are attracting families who previously targeted only top-5 schools
• The school's STEM reputation is becoming more widely recognised

Strategic Advice: If your child is consistently scoring 90-92 in practice tests, Baulkham Hills should be a realistic target with focused preparation. If scoring 88-90, it becomes a stretch school—include it in your preferences, but also nominate schools with 88-90 cut-offs as backup options. For more on how to structure your school preferences, see our test format guide.

How to Get Into Baulkham Hills High School

Achieving a score of 93+ requires a structured, methodical approach to preparation. Here's a step-by-step breakdown.

Step 1: Understand the Test Format

The NSW Selective High School Placement Test assesses four components:

• Reading: 40 questions, 40 minutes
• Mathematical Reasoning: 40 questions, 40 minutes
• Thinking Skills: 40 questions, 40 minutes
• Writing: 1 response, 30 minutes (marked separately, contributes to overall score)

Key Insight for Baulkham Hills Applicants: At the 93-94 cut-off level, students typically score 35-38/40 in Reading and Maths. This means there is more room for error than at a 98-cut-off school, but the Writing component still plays a critical role. A strong writing score (20-22/25) can compensate for a slightly weaker performance in one of the multiple-choice sections. Conversely, a weak writing score (12-15/25) can drag down an otherwise solid test performance.

For a detailed breakdown of the test structure, see our NSW test format guide.

Step 2: Build a Realistic Preparation Timeline

For a 93-95 target score, we recommend:

Realistic Expectations: If your child is currently scoring below 82-85, reaching Baulkham Hills' 93 cut-off in under 12 months requires significant, sustained effort. Consider whether the preparation intensity is appropriate for your child's age and wellbeing, and include schools with 85-88 cut-offs as realistic alternatives.

Step 3: Master Each Test Component

Reading (Target: 36-38/40)

• Read widely: newspapers, novels, non-fiction, poetry (exposure to diverse text types)
• Practice inference questions—these are the hardest and most commonly missed
• Build vocabulary through context, not memorisation
• Time management: aim for 1 minute per question maximum

Mathematical Reasoning (Target: 36-38/40)

• Ensure mastery of Year 5-6 curriculum fundamentals before moving to advanced problems
• Focus on word problems and multi-step reasoning (not just computation)
• Practice mental arithmetic to save time on simpler questions
• Work through past papers to identify recurring problem types

Thinking Skills (Target: 35-37/40)

• This section tests pattern recognition, spatial reasoning, and logical deduction
• Regular practice with unfamiliar question types builds adaptability
• Don't over-drill one format—the test deliberately varies question styles

Writing (Target: 20-22/25)

• This is where Baulkham Hills applicants can gain or lose their place. See our marking rubric guide for the exact criteria examiners use.
• Practice across all three genres: persuasive, creative, and informative
• Build a bank of versatile vocabulary and techniques that work across genres
• See our writing topics guide for the most common prompt types

Step 4: Writing is the Hidden Advantage

For students targeting the 92-94 range, the Writing component is often the difference between acceptance and rejection. Here's why:

Multiple-choice sections have a ceiling effect. Once a student reaches 36/40 in Reading, Maths, and Thinking Skills, improving further requires enormous effort for marginal gains. But improving a Writing score from 16/25 to 21/25 is achievable with consistent practice and feedback—and it has the same impact on the overall score.

What Baulkham Hills-level writing looks like:

• Clear Structure: Introduction that hooks the reader, well-organised body paragraphs, satisfying conclusion
• Vocabulary Precision: Using the right word, not just a "big" word. Examiners reward accuracy over complexity
• Genre Awareness: Understanding the conventions of persuasive vs. creative vs. informative writing
• Editing Skill: Catching spelling errors, improving word choices, tightening sentences in the final 5 minutes
• Time Management: Completing a polished 350-450 word response in 30 minutes

For more on managing the 30-minute writing window, see our time management guide.

Recommended Writing Practice:

• Frequency: 2-3 timed practice responses per week under exam conditions
• Feedback: Get detailed, criteria-based feedback (not just "good job"). Our AI marking tool evaluates writing against the NSW selective marking rubric
• Genre Rotation: Don't just practice your child's favourite genre—rotate through persuasive, creative, and informative each week
• Read Model Responses: Studying high-scoring responses teaches structure, vocabulary, and technique by example

Step 5: Practice Tests Under Exam Conditions

Frequency: Weekly full-length practice tests in the 3 months before the test

Best Resources:

• Past Papers: NSW Department of Education releases selective test sample questions
• Commercial Test Books: Selective Schools Test Guide (Hendersons), Opportunity Class & Selective School Tests (Pascal Press)
• Online Platforms: Interactive practice tests with instant feedback (like SelectiveWritingTest.com.au for writing practice)

Test-Taking Strategy:

• Time allocation: Don't spend more than 2 minutes on a single question; flag it and return if time permits
• Guess intelligently: No penalty for wrong answers—never leave a multiple-choice question blank
• Writing first draft: Spend 5 minutes planning, 20 minutes writing, 5 minutes editing

What Makes Baulkham Hills Different from Other Selective Schools?

Beyond cut-off marks and HSC rankings, what actually makes Baulkham Hills a distinctive choice?

1. STEM Excellence

Baulkham Hills has built a particularly strong reputation in Science, Technology, Engineering, and Mathematics:

• Specialised STEM Programs: Dedicated STEM enrichment from Year 7, including robotics, coding, and engineering design challenges
• Science Competition Success: Strong representation in Australian Science Olympiads, ICAS Science, and BHP Foundation Science Awards
• Mathematics Acceleration: High-performing students can accelerate in mathematics, completing 2-Unit Maths by Year 10 and tackling Extension 2 in the HSC
• Technology Facilities: Modern science laboratories, dedicated computing labs, and maker spaces for practical STEM learning

Parent Perspective: If your child shows strong aptitude and interest in STEM subjects, Baulkham Hills offers a more focused STEM pathway than many other selective schools that spread their resources more evenly across all disciplines.

2. Co-Educational Environment

Baulkham Hills is one of only a handful of fully selective co-educational schools in Sydney. Research consistently shows co-ed environments:

• Better prepare students for mixed-gender university and workplace settings
• Reduce gender stereotyping in subject choices (girls are well-represented in STEM, boys in humanities and arts)
• Develop more balanced social and communication skills

For families who prefer a co-ed environment but want a fully selective academic standard, the options are limited—making Baulkham Hills particularly attractive alongside James Ruse.

3. Hills District Location Advantage

Address: Gruner Road, Baulkham Hills (Hills District, North-West Sydney)

Why Location Matters:

For the tens of thousands of families living in the Hills District—Castle Hill, Kellyville, Bella Vista, The Ponds, Rouse Hill, Norwest—Baulkham Hills offers a top-tier selective education without a gruelling commute.

Accessibility:

• Near Baulkham Hills Bus Interchange (multiple routes)
• Accessible via the North West Metro (Bella Vista, Hills Showground, Castle Hill stations)
• Major road access via Windsor Road, Old Northern Road, and Seven Hills Road
• Typical commute from most Hills District suburbs: 15-30 minutes

Comparison: Many Hills District families consider James Ruse (Carlingford) or North Sydney Boys/Girls as alternatives. However:

• James Ruse is a 30-45 minute commute from most Hills suburbs
• North Sydney Boys/Girls requires crossing the Harbour Bridge (45-60+ minutes)
• Baulkham Hills delivers comparable academic outcomes with a fraction of the travel time

Parent Insight: A shorter commute means more time for homework, extracurriculars, sleep, and family life. Over six years of high school, this adds up to hundreds of hours. Don't underestimate the quality-of-life impact of choosing a school close to home.

4. Extracurricular Breadth

Baulkham Hills offers a wide range of activities beyond academics:

• Music: Concert band, string ensemble, choir, rock band—regular performances and eisteddfods
• Debating and Public Speaking: Strong debating team competing at regional and state levels
• Sport: Competitive teams in basketball, cricket, swimming, athletics, table tennis, and badminton
• Community Service: Duke of Edinburgh program, community volunteering, and peer support programs
• Cultural Programs: Multicultural events, language programs, and international exchange opportunities

Key Point: While Baulkham Hills is academically rigorous, it actively encourages students to develop interests outside the classroom. This produces well-rounded graduates who succeed at university and beyond.

5. School Culture: High-Achieving but Grounded

Baulkham Hills occupies a "sweet spot" in the selective school landscape:

• Academically serious without the extreme pressure associated with the top 3-4 schools
• Diverse student body reflecting the multicultural Hills District community
• Supportive environment with peer mentoring, student wellbeing programs, and accessible staff
• Practical focus on university preparation and career readiness, not just HSC scores

Students and parents consistently describe Baulkham Hills as a school where academic achievement is expected but not at the expense of student wellbeing.

HSC Results Analysis: Baulkham Hills' Academic Performance

Baulkham Hills' HSC results consistently place it among the top 15-20 schools in NSW. Here's what the data shows.

Overall Performance

• Median ATAR: Consistently above 90 (compared to state median of approximately 70)
• ATAR 99+ Students: Typically 10-15% of each graduating cohort achieve an ATAR of 99 or above
• ATAR 95+ Students: Approximately 30-40% of each cohort
• Top 20 Ranking: Baulkham Hills has ranked in the top 20 NSW schools by HSC performance for over a decade

Subject Strengths

Baulkham Hills produces particularly strong results in:

University Placements

Typical Year 12 Outcomes:

• 75-80% receive offers from Group of Eight universities (USyd, UNSW, ANU, Melbourne, etc.)
• 30-40% enrol in high-demand courses: Medicine, Engineering, Law, Computer Science, Commerce
• 10-15% receive university scholarships or early entry offers

Top University Destinations:

• University of Sydney
• UNSW Sydney
• Macquarie University (popular for local students)
• University of Technology Sydney
• Australian National University

How Baulkham Hills Compares

Key Takeaway: Baulkham Hills offers approximately 80-85% of the academic outcome of the very top selective schools, but with a more achievable entry threshold, less commute time for Hills District families, and a less high-pressure environment. For many families, this represents the optimal balance.

Preparation Timeline: Month-by-Month Plan for 2026 Entry

This timeline assumes your child is in Year 5 and the selective test is in March of Year 6. Adjust dates if your child is at a different stage.

18-12 Months Before the Test (March-September, Year 5)

Focus: Foundation Building

• Assess your child's current level with a diagnostic practice test
• Identify strengths and weaknesses across Reading, Maths, Thinking Skills, and Writing
• Begin regular reading habit (30 minutes daily, mix of fiction and non-fiction)
• Start weekly maths enrichment (focus on problem-solving, not rote computation)
• Introduce timed writing practice: 1 response per week, any genre

Goal: Establish baseline scores and build consistent study habits without burnout.

12-9 Months Before the Test (September-December, Year 5)

Focus: Targeted Skill Development

• Address weak areas identified in diagnostic testing
• Increase writing practice to 2 responses per week (rotate genres)
• Begin Thinking Skills practice (pattern recognition, spatial reasoning)
• Start timed practice for individual sections (not full tests yet)
• Review the marking rubric so your child understands exactly how writing is scored

Goal: Close gaps in weaker areas while maintaining strengths. Your child should be scoring 88-90 in section-specific practice by December.

9-6 Months Before the Test (December-March, Year 5/6)

Focus: Integration and Practice Tests

• Begin fortnightly full-length practice tests under exam conditions
• Analyse results: identify which question types cause the most errors
• Intensify writing practice: 3 responses per week with detailed feedback
• Use our practice platform for AI-marked writing with rubric-based feedback
• Work on time management—can your child complete each section with 2-3 minutes to spare?

Goal: Consistent scores of 90-92 across full practice tests. Writing scores of 18-20/25.

6-3 Months Before the Test (March-June/July)

Focus: Exam Strategy and Consistency

• Weekly full-length practice tests under strict exam conditions
• Focus on test-taking strategy: question triage, time allocation, educated guessing
• Polish writing: focus on openings, conclusions, and vocabulary precision
• Review writing topics to ensure familiarity with common prompt types
• Maintain reading habit—this passively builds vocabulary and comprehension

Goal: Consistent scores of 92-94 across full practice tests. Writing scores of 20-22/25.

3-0 Months Before the Test (Final Stretch)

Focus: Peak Performance and Mental Preparation

• Continue weekly practice tests but reduce to every 10 days if fatigue sets in
• Focus on maintaining current level, not cramming new material
• Practice exam-day routine: wake time, breakfast, travel, warm-up
• Light revision of common error patterns
• Mental preparation: visualisation, positive self-talk, stress management
• Ensure adequate sleep (9-10 hours for Year 6 students)

Goal: Arrive at the test confident, well-rested, and familiar with the format. No surprises.

Writing Section: The Key to Securing Your Place

For Baulkham Hills applicants, the writing section deserves special attention. Here's why—and how to prepare.

Why Writing Matters More Than You Think

At the 92-94 cut-off level, there are hundreds of students clustered within 2-3 points of each other. In this range:

• Multiple-choice scores are tightly bunched (most students score 35-38/40 per section)
• The Writing score creates the separation between students who get in and those who narrowly miss out
• A writing score of 22/25 vs. 17/25 is a 5-point swing—enough to move from "rejected" to "accepted"

What Examiners Look For

The NSW selective writing test is marked against a specific rubric. For a detailed breakdown, see our marking rubric guide. The key criteria are:

1. Ideas and Content (30%): Original, well-developed ideas that respond directly to the prompt
2. Structure and Organisation (25%): Logical flow, clear paragraphing, effective introduction and conclusion
3. Language and Vocabulary (25%): Precise word choices, varied sentence structures, appropriate tone
4. Spelling, Grammar, and Punctuation (20%): Accuracy and control of written conventions

Common Mistakes That Cost Marks

• Ignoring the prompt: Writing a pre-prepared response that doesn't address the specific topic
• All tell, no show: Stating emotions ("I was scared") instead of demonstrating them through actions and sensory detail
• Vocabulary overload: Cramming in "big words" that don't fit naturally
• No planning: Diving straight into writing without a 3-5 minute plan, leading to disorganised responses
• No editing time: Using all 30 minutes to write, with no time to proofread and improve

How to Build Writing Skills for the Test

Weekly Practice Routine:

• Monday: Read and analyse a model response (what makes it effective?)
• Wednesday: Timed writing practice (30 minutes, exam conditions)
• Friday: Review feedback, identify one specific area to improve next week

Genre-Specific Tips:

Persuasive Writing:

• Open with a strong, clear position statement
• Use three distinct arguments with evidence/examples
• Address counterarguments to show sophisticated thinking
• End with a call to action or powerful concluding statement

Creative Writing:

• Start in the middle of the action (avoid "One day..." openings)
• Use sensory details: sight, sound, smell, touch, taste
• Focus on one key moment rather than trying to tell an entire story
• Use dialogue sparingly but effectively

Informative Writing:

• Open with a hook that establishes why the topic matters
• Organise information logically (chronological, categorical, or cause-effect)
• Use specific facts and examples (even if estimated)
• Maintain an objective, authoritative tone

Start practising today: Our writing practice platform provides timed prompts across all three genres, with AI feedback aligned to the NSW marking rubric.

Frequently Asked Questions

Q: Is Baulkham Hills fully selective or partially selective?

A: Baulkham Hills has been fully selective since 2005. This means every student in Years 7-12 gained entry through the NSW Selective High School Placement Test. There are no local intake or non-selective places. Prior to 2005, the school was a comprehensive (non-selective) high school, which is why some older sources may contain outdated information.

Q: How does Baulkham Hills compare to James Ruse?

A: Both are co-educational, fully selective government schools in the Hills District area. Key differences:

Verdict: James Ruse offers marginally higher academic outcomes but with a significantly higher entry barrier and more intense environment. For many Hills District families, Baulkham Hills delivers 85-90% of the academic benefit with better quality of life.

Q: What's the workload like at Baulkham Hills?

A: Homework expectations vary by year level:

• Years 7-8: 1-2 hours per night (developing study habits and organisational skills)
• Years 9-10: 2-2.5 hours per night (increasing rigour, especially in STEM subjects)
• Years 11-12: 3-4 hours per night, plus weekend study (HSC preparation)

This is comparable to other selective schools in the 90-95 cut-off range. The workload is demanding but not overwhelming for students who have developed good study habits during primary school.

Q: Can my child get in with a score of 90-91?

A: It's possible but increasingly unlikely. While 91 was sufficient in 2019-2021, the upward trend in cut-offs means 2026 applicants should aim for 93-95 to be confident. A score of 90-91 might place your child on the waiting list, but relying on waitlist movement is risky.

If your child is scoring 90-91 consistently, they have strong options at other excellent selective schools including Girraween (91-93 cut-off), Penrith Selective (85-88), or Hurlstone Agricultural (88-90).

Q: Is tutoring necessary to get into Baulkham Hills?

A: Not strictly necessary, but common. Based on available data:

• ~60-65% of successful Baulkham Hills applicants had some form of test preparation tutoring
• ~35-40% prepared independently using books, online resources, and parent guidance

Tutoring is helpful if:

• Your child's primary school doesn't offer extension or OC programs
• You need structured guidance on what and how to practice
• Your child responds well to external accountability and instruction

Tutoring is less necessary if:

• Your child is already scoring 90+ in practice tests
• You can provide consistent, structured practice at home
• Your child is intrinsically motivated and self-directed

Important: The quality of preparation matters more than the quantity. Two focused hours per week with good feedback beats ten hours of unfocused drilling.

Q: What if my child gets in but struggles academically?

A: Baulkham Hills has support structures in place:

• Peer tutoring and study groups: Senior students mentor juniors, particularly in STEM subjects
• Teacher accessibility: Staff are generally available before and after school for additional help
• School counsellors: Available for both academic and emotional support
• Learning support programs: Targeted assistance for students falling behind

However, the curriculum moves at an accelerated pace. If your child consistently struggles despite using support services, it's worth having an honest conversation about whether the environment is the right fit. Transferring to another school is not failure—it's making the best decision for your child's learning and wellbeing.

Q: Does Baulkham Hills offer subject acceleration?

A: Yes. Baulkham Hills is known for its acceleration programs, particularly in Mathematics:

• High-performing students can complete the HSC Mathematics Advanced course early
• Extension 1 and Extension 2 Mathematics are available, with many students completing Extension 1 in Year 11
• Science acceleration is available in selected cases
• The school also offers early entry to some HSC courses for exceptional students

Q: How diverse is the student body?

A: Baulkham Hills reflects the multicultural demographics of the Hills District and broader western Sydney. The student body includes families from a wide range of cultural backgrounds, with strong representation from East Asian, South Asian, and Middle Eastern communities alongside Anglo-Australian families. The school actively celebrates this diversity through cultural events, language programs, and community activities.

Q: Is it better to be a top student at a lower-ranked selective school or a mid-range student at Baulkham Hills?

A: This depends on your child's personality and goals:

Top of a lower-ranked selective school:

• More leadership and recognition opportunities
• Higher relative confidence and motivation
• Potentially less academic stress

Mid-range at Baulkham Hills:

• Surrounded by high-achieving peers who raise everyone's performance
• Access to stronger STEM programs and enrichment
• Slightly better average university placement rates

Our View: For resilient, competitive students who are energised by challenge, Baulkham Hills is the better choice. For students who need to feel successful to stay motivated, a school where they'll be in the top quartile may produce better long-term outcomes.

Is Baulkham Hills the Right Fit for Your Child?

Baulkham Hills is likely the right choice if your child:

• Consistently scores 90-95 on practice tests (strong academic foundation with room to grow)
• Has a genuine interest in STEM subjects or benefits from a STEM-rich environment
• Thrives in a co-educational setting with diverse peers
• Lives in the Hills District or north-western Sydney (manageable commute)
• Wants academic rigour without the extreme intensity of top-3 selective schools
• Is self-motivated and organised, with developing independence

Baulkham Hills might not be the right choice if your child:

• Needs a small, intimate school environment (1,200 students is a large school)
• Prefers arts, music, or humanities over STEM (the school is strong in these areas but STEM is the flagship)
• Would find a 92-94 cut-off environment too competitive or stressful
• Lives far from the Hills District (long commutes erode wellbeing over six years)

Remember: all 46 fully selective high schools in NSW produce strong academic outcomes. Baulkham Hills is an excellent school, but it's not the only path to university success or a fulfilling career.

Related Guides

To support your child's selective school application, explore these complementary resources:

• Hardest Selective Schools to Get Into (Complete Ranking) – See where Baulkham Hills sits in the full ranking
• Selective School Cut-Off Marks 2024 – Compare cut-offs across all 46 selective schools
• How the NSW Selective Test Works (Format Guide) – Test structure, timing, and scoring explained
• Selective Writing Test Topics & Practice – Master the writing component that separates accepted from rejected
• Writing Marking Rubric Explained – Understand exactly how examiners score your child's writing
• Time Management for the 30-Minute Writing Test – Plan, write, and edit under exam pressure
• James Ruse Agricultural High School Guide – Compare with the #1 ranked selective school

Ready to Start Preparing?

Now that you understand what it takes to reach Baulkham Hills' 93-94 cut-off, the next step is structured, consistent practice—especially in the writing component that separates successful applicants from near-misses.

Our platform offers:

• 200+ Practice Prompts across persuasive, creative, and informative genres—the three types your child will face on test day
• AI Feedback that evaluates writing against the NSW selective marking rubric, highlighting exactly where to improve
• Score Tracking to monitor progress toward your 93-94 target over weeks and months
• Timed Test Mode to build the exam-day pacing skills that prevent rushed, unfinished responses

Whether you're aiming for Baulkham Hills, James Ruse, or another top selective school, the writing section is where preparation makes the biggest difference. Students who practise regularly with quality feedback consistently outperform those who focus only on multiple-choice drilling.

Start Practising Today

*Last updated: February 2026. Cut-off marks and statistics based on NSW Department of Education data, publicly available school reports, and historical trend analysis. Estimated figures are clearly marked.*